I have 2 main questions for a project that essentially requires the 3pi to find a small 5 cm blue rectangle and move towards it from a distance of around 50cm away. Would I be able to connect a 15 or 22 pin camera FFC cable (from an Arducam) to the expansion ports of the 2040? (and if so how) If the answer to that is yes, how fast (if ever) would the 2040 chip be able to process a 4k image using a masking filter?
A matching flat cable connector is required for the Arducam you linked and is present on many RPi boards. For other options, see https://blog.arducam.com/raspberry-pi-pico-camera-modules/
Consider also the Arduino compatible Pixy2, which has a simple serial interface and an on board processor preprogrammed to recognize colored blobs and several geometric features.
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